[ { "name": "IR-1061", "synonyms": ["Thiopyrylium IR-1061", "OTN-NIR dye IR-1061", "NIR-II Dye 900883"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1060, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "~0.19% in DCM reported against modern NIR-II standards; formulation-dependent values up to ~2% reported for commercial buffered NIR-II dye preparations", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; hydrophobic dye can be encapsulated in polymer/lipid nanoparticles", "indication": ["Preclinical vascular imaging", "Laboratory NIR-II reference", "Formulation benchmark"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "Research-use dye; no FDA approval as an injectable contrast agent", "ema_status": "Research-use dye; no EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Commercial laboratory reference dye; MilliporeSigma and academic users", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "ChemRxiv 2024 — TPE-BBT photoluminescence standard work reporting IR-1061 PLQY measurement", "Umezawa et al., RSC Advances 2021 — IR-1061-loaded over-thousand-nanometer polystyrene nanoparticles for live imaging" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Emission beyond 1000 nm reduces tissue scatter", "Useful positive control for SWIR detector alignment", "Can be loaded into nanoparticles for brighter local signal"], "toxicity_profile": "Free dye is hydrophobic and not clinically formulated; safety is formulation-dependent and remains preclinical.", "pharmacokinetics": "Free-dye PK is not clinically defined; encapsulated or protein-bound formats typically show nanoparticle-like circulation and RES/liver-spleen handling.", "notes": "Reference laboratory dye rather than a development-ready drug. Strong value as a benchmark for LumiSurg optical QA, not as a direct clinical candidate." }, { "name": "IR-1048", "synonyms": ["NIR-1048", "IR1048", "Thiopyrylium NIR-II dye"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1048, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Low sub-percent in common organic solvents; highly formulation dependent", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic", "indication": ["Laboratory SWIR calibration", "Preclinical vascular imaging", "Formulation screening"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval; research-use reference dye", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation; research-use reference dye", "developer": "Commercial laboratory dye and academic formulation groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Comparative NIR-II dye spectroscopy reports for IR-1061/IR-1048/IR-1040 laboratory benchmarks", "Reviews of organic NIR-II fluorophores covering thiopyrylium reference dyes" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Peak emission sits above the NIR-I cutoff", "Lower background autofluorescence than 700-900 nm dyes", "Useful comparator for detector sensitivity near 1050 nm"], "toxicity_profile": "No GLP toxicology package found; hydrophobicity and aggregation require encapsulation before in vivo use.", "pharmacokinetics": "Not clinically characterized; expected to depend entirely on carrier, albumin binding, or nanoparticle encapsulation.", "notes": "Included as a minimum-requested reference material; not a translational candidate without a dedicated formulation and toxicology program." }, { "name": "IR-26", "synonyms": ["IR26", "NIR-II quantum yield standard", "Hexamethine cyanine IR-26"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1120, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Historically used as 0.5% reference in 1,2-dichloroethane; recent integrating-sphere work reports ~0.0301% in DCE", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None; spectroscopy reference", "indication": ["Quantum-yield reference", "NIR-II instrument calibration", "Laboratory benchmark"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval; spectroscopy reference only", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation; spectroscopy reference only", "developer": "Commercial dye suppliers and academic photophysics groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "ChemRxiv 2024 — revised PLQY measurements for IR-26 and IR-1061 using TPE-BBT standard", "Dyes and Pigments / NIR-II photophysics literature using IR-26 as the legacy quantum-yield comparator" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Broad NIR-II emission useful for calibration", "Longstanding reference enables cross-study comparison", "Emission is outside tissue autofluorescence-dominant NIR-I region"], "toxicity_profile": "Not suitable as an injectable agent; no clinical toxicology package and solvent/reference use dominates.", "pharmacokinetics": "Not applicable as a clinical agent; no human PK data.", "notes": "Best treated as a calibration standard. The historic 0.5% QY assumption is debated and should be documented whenever used for benchmarking." }, { "name": "CH1055", "synonyms": ["CH1055-PEG", "D-A-D BBT fluorophore", "Dai/Stanford NIR-II small molecule"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1055, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "~0.3% for PEGylated CH1055 in aqueous biological conditions", "targeting": "active", "target_molecule": "Untargeted PEG format; anti-EGFR affibody conjugates demonstrated preclinically", "indication": ["Sentinel lymph node mapping", "Brain tumour imaging", "EGFR-positive tumour imaging", "Benchmark renal-clearable NIR-II dye"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval; academic preclinical agent", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Stanford / Dai laboratory and collaborators", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Antaris et al., A small-molecule dye for NIR-II imaging, Nature Materials 2016;15:235-242, DOI: 10.1038/nmat4476", "Wan et al., Developing a bright NIR-II fluorophore with fast renal excretion and PD-L1 imaging, Advanced Functional Materials 2018, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201804956" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Renal-clearable small-molecule precedent", "Improved lymphatic and vascular resolution versus ICG in animal models", "Compatible with peptide/affibody conjugation"], "toxicity_profile": "Favourable preclinical clearance compared with retained inorganic nanomaterials, but no human safety package published.", "pharmacokinetics": "Approximately 90% renal excretion within 24 hours reported for CH1055; circulation depends on PEGylation and conjugate size.", "notes": "Canonical first-generation organic NIR-II benchmark. Brightness is modest, so later CH/H1/IR-FGP-like architectures are preferred for product development." }, { "name": "CH-4T / HSA complex", "synonyms": ["CH-4T", "CH-4T-HSA", "Sulfonated NIR-II dye-protein complex"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1050, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "High for molecular NIR-II class after albumin complexation; reported 110-fold fluorescence increase versus uncomplexed dye", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "Human serum albumin carrier; no intrinsic tumour target", "indication": ["Video-rate vascular imaging", "Cardiac-cycle imaging in mice", "Albumin-bound NIR-II benchmark"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Dai laboratory / Stanford-associated academic work", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Antaris et al., A high quantum yield molecule-protein complex fluorophore for near-infrared II imaging, Nature Communications 2017;8:15269, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15269" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Brightness gain enables lower exposure time", "Protein complex reduces aqueous quenching", "Video-rate NIR-II imaging demonstrates temporal resolution advantage"], "toxicity_profile": "Preclinical only; dye-protein supramolecular behaviour requires CMC and immunogenicity controls before translation.", "pharmacokinetics": "Albumin binding shifts behaviour toward vascular retention and liver/renal mixed clearance rather than fast small-molecule renal excretion.", "notes": "Important proof that protein complexation can solve NIR-II energy-gap quenching, but less straightforward as a defined pharmaceutical product." }, { "name": "IR-FGP-like × GPC3", "synonyms": ["LumiSurg Candidate 1", "IR-FGP-like proprietary GPC3 probe", "GPC3-targeted NIR-II small molecule"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 900, "emission_nm": 1050, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Target product profile ~5-12% formulated brightness; exact lead QY not publicly disclosed", "targeting": "active", "target_molecule": "GPC3 (glypican-3)", "indication": ["Hepatocellular carcinoma", "GPC3-positive liver tumour margin detection", "Deep hepatic surgical guidance"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval; pre-IND concept", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation; preclinical concept", "developer": "LumiSurg", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "LumiSurg internal shortlist and competitive landscape reports, 2026", "ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05047510 anti-GPC3-IRDye800CW trial as adjacent clinical target validation benchmark", "Advanced Science 2025 / Materials Today Bio 2025 GPC3-targeted NIR-II phototheranostic literature tracked in LumiSurg competitive dossier" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Designed for high liver-background suppression", "True >1000 nm emission should reduce scatter in hepatic tissue", "Small-molecule/compact-binder strategy may clear faster than antibody probes"], "toxicity_profile": "No GLP toxicology yet; intended profile is non-metal, low reticuloendothelial retention, and CMC-compatible injectable formulation.", "pharmacokinetics": "Target profile is rapid blood-pool washout with tumour-retained signal via GPC3 binding; human PK not available.", "notes": "Strategic LumiSurg V2 candidate. Regulatory risk is lower than heavy-metal quantum dots but target-binder immunogenicity and hepatic background must be validated." }, { "name": "IS-002", "synonyms": ["PSMA-targeted fluorescent imaging agent IS-002", "Filricianine (reported INN in some drug databases)", "Intuitive Surgical IS-002"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 774, "emission_nm": 793, "emission_range": "NIR-I (~793nm); included as clinical comparator for NIR-II V2 rather than true 1000-1700nm emitter", "quantum_yield": "~8-12% class estimate in LumiSurg internal benchmark; public trial records do not report QY", "targeting": "active", "target_molecule": "PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen)", "indication": ["Prostate cancer", "Robotic prostatectomy", "Positive margin and nodal disease visualization"], "regulatory_status": "phase2", "fda_status": "Investigational; Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies completed, no FDA approval listed", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation found", "developer": "Intuitive Surgical; originally associated with Iksuda Therapeutics licensing history in market intelligence records", "clinical_trial_ids": ["NCT04574401", "NCT05946603"], "key_publications": [ "First-in-human evaluation of a PSMA-targeted near-infrared fluorescent small molecule, European Urology Open Science 2023", "ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04574401 — Phase 1 IS-002 injection in robotic prostatectomy", "ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05946603 — Phase 2 IS-002 prostate cancer study" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Clinical PSMA-targeted FGS comparator", "Robotic Firefly workflow compatibility", "Shows regulatory/clinical path for targeted small-molecule surgical dyes"], "toxicity_profile": "Phase 1 reports describe acceptable tolerability; full public label-style safety database is not available because the agent is investigational.", "pharmacokinetics": "Small-molecule IV administration timed for same-day robotic surgery; detailed human PK parameters are not public in registry summaries.", "notes": "Not a true NIR-II fluorophore. It remains important because it is one of the more mature targeted surgical fluorescence programs and informs LumiSurg trial design." }, { "name": "BTC series", "synonyms": ["BTC980", "BTC1070", "Boron difluoride curcuminoid NIR-II dyes", "Boron-doped / BF2 curcuminoid fluorophores"], "type": "small_molecule", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1070, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Variable by substituent and solvent; computational and materials reports focus on BTC980/BTC1070 rather than clinical aqueous QY", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; chemistry can be adapted for nanoparticle or conjugate formats", "indication": ["Organic NIR-II dye design", "Photophysics benchmark", "Potential bioimaging scaffold"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic boron-difluoride curcuminoid chemistry groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Optical and Electronic Properties of Organic NIR-II Fluorophores by TDDFT and GW-BSE: BTC980 and BTC1070, Nanomaterials 2021;11:2293, DOI: 10.3390/nano11092293", "Recent development reviews of borondifluoride curcuminoid derivatives for NIR functional materials" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Boron complexation helps tune the bandgap into >1000 nm emission", "Scaffold offers synthetic modularity", "Potentially metal-free alternative to inorganic quantum dots"], "toxicity_profile": "No clinical toxicology package; hydrophobicity, photothermal conversion, and formulation excipients must be assessed.", "pharmacokinetics": "Not clinically characterized; likely carrier/formulation-dependent.", "notes": "Promising chemistry family, but less clinically mature than CH1055-like and IR-FGP-like small-molecule programs." }, { "name": "Semiconducting polymer dots", "synonyms": ["NIR-II Pdots", "SPdots", "TADF-based Pdots", "Quinoxaline / thiadiazoloquinoxaline polymer dots"], "type": "organic", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1100, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "~0.4-1.58% in aqueous TADF Pdot reports; some engineered SPN/Pdot systems report ~1-1.25% or higher depending on design", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "EPR/passive by default; can be surface-functionalized with antibodies, peptides, or small ligands", "indication": ["Preclinical tumour imaging", "Phototheranostics", "NIR-IIa vascular/tumour imaging"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic polymer nanoprobe groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "TADF-based NIR-II semiconducting polymer dots for in vivo fluorescence imaging, 2022, PMCID: PMC9430315", "Recent Advances of NIR-II Emissive Semiconducting Polymer Dots, Biosensors 2022;12:1126", "RSC luminous-frontier review of NIR-IIa fluorescent polymer dots, 2024" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["High photostability and brightness density", "Surface chemistry supports targeted nanoparticle formats", "NIR-IIa emission can improve tumour-to-background contrast"], "toxicity_profile": "Often metal-free, but long-term polymer biodistribution, biodegradation, and RES retention remain translation barriers.", "pharmacokinetics": "Nanoparticle PK: size- and coating-dependent blood half-life with frequent liver/spleen uptake; renal clearance only for very small or degradable designs.", "notes": "Useful for high-performance preclinical imaging and theranostics; less straightforward as a first human surgical diagnostic than renal-clearable small molecules." }, { "name": "Single-walled carbon nanotubes", "synonyms": ["SWCNT", "SWNT", "HiPCO SWCNT", "Dai lab carbon nanotube NIR-II probes"], "type": "nanoparticle", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1200, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Low intrinsic fluorescence; brightness depends on chirality enrichment, surfactant/polymer wrapping, and nanotube concentration", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; can be wrapped/conjugated for tumour or sensor targeting", "indication": ["Preclinical vascular imaging", "Tumour uptake imaging", "NIR-II biosensing"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval for injectable fluorescence contrast", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Dai laboratory / Stanford and broad academic field", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Welsher et al., A route to brightly fluorescent carbon nanotubes for near-infrared imaging in mice, Nature Nanotechnology 2009;4:773-780, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.294", "Robinson et al., In vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging with long-circulating carbon nanotubes, JACS 2012;134:10664-10669, DOI: 10.1021/ja303737a" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Intrinsic emission across NIR-II/SWIR", "Exceptional photostability", "Strong academic precedent for deep vascular imaging"], "toxicity_profile": "Major translation concern: biopersistence, purity/chirality heterogeneity, inflammatory risk, and long-term RES retention.", "pharmacokinetics": "Polymer-wrapped SWCNTs can circulate for hours and accumulate in liver/spleen/tumours; clearance is slow versus small molecules.", "notes": "Historically foundational NIR-II platform but strategically less attractive for LumiSurg first-in-human due to CMC and toxicology burden." }, { "name": "Rare-earth nanoparticles (NaYF4:Yb,Er)", "synonyms": ["NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs", "Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles", "Er/Yb rare-earth nanocrystals"], "type": "inorganic", "excitation_nm": 980, "emission_nm": 1525, "emission_range": "NIR-II / NIR-IIb (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Low absolute biological QY but narrow-band, long-lifetime emission; shell engineering can improve brightness", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; surface ligands can add active targeting", "indication": ["Preclinical multiplexed imaging", "Cancer theranostics", "Long-lifetime SWIR imaging"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval as injectable contrast", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic lanthanide nanoparticle groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Yu et al., Recent Advances in Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for NIR-II Imaging and Cancer Theranostics, Frontiers in Chemistry 2020;8:496, DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00496", "Rare-earth doped nanoparticles with narrow NIR-II emission reviews, 2021-2025" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Very narrow emission bands enable multiplexing", "Long lifetime supports time-gated imaging", "NIR-IIb signal can further reduce scattering"], "toxicity_profile": "Lanthanide/fluoride nanoparticle retention, surface coating stability, and chronic biodistribution remain key issues.", "pharmacokinetics": "Typically nanoparticle-like RES uptake; renal clearance requires ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameters and stable coatings.", "notes": "High technical value for multiplex research; regulatory risk is higher than organic small molecules for a surgical diagnostic." }, { "name": "Ag2S quantum dots", "synonyms": ["Silver sulfide quantum dots", "Ag2S QDs", "NIR-II Ag-based QDs"], "type": "quantum_dot", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1200, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1400nm typical)", "quantum_yield": "Typically low-to-moderate; brightness depends on size, shell/passivation, and aqueous ligand strategy", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; ligands can enable cell-specific targeting", "indication": ["Preclinical vascular imaging", "Cell-specific imaging", "Tumour imaging"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "SINANO / Dai collaborators and broad academic QD field", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Zhang et al., Ag2S Quantum Dot: A Bright and Biocompatible Fluorescent Nanoprobe in the Second Near-Infrared Window, ACS Nano 2012;6:3695-3702, DOI: 10.1021/nn301218z", "Fan et al., Review of Ag2S-based NIR-II nanoprobes, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2021;427:213558" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["True NIR-II emission with low tissue autofluorescence", "Lower heavy-metal concern than Pb/Cd quantum dots", "Tunable surfaces for targeting ligands"], "toxicity_profile": "Generally positioned as more biocompatible than Cd/Pb QDs, but silver/sulfide nanoparticle long-term retention still requires rigorous tox.", "pharmacokinetics": "Size/coating-dependent; many formulations show RES uptake with partial hepatobiliary/renal clearance depending on hydrodynamic diameter.", "notes": "One of the strongest non-Pb/Cd QD options but still a nanoparticle regulatory challenge." }, { "name": "PbS quantum dots", "synonyms": ["Lead sulfide QDs", "PbS/CdS NIR-IIb QDs", "RNase-A@PbS Qdots"], "type": "quantum_dot", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1600, "emission_range": "NIR-II / NIR-IIb (1000-1700nm)", "quantum_yield": "Among the brighter NIR-II/NIR-IIb QD classes; RNase-A@PbS and PbS/CdS reports describe high water-soluble brightness", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; can be protein encapsulated or ligand-functionalized", "indication": ["Deep-tissue NIR-IIb vascular imaging", "Preclinical thrombosis imaging", "High-resolution SWIR research"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval; lead-containing material is a major regulatory barrier", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic quantum dot groups including Stanford-associated NIR-IIb work", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Kong et al., RNase-A-encapsulated PbS quantum dots for ultrasensitive in vivo NIR-II imaging, Chemistry of Materials 2016;28:3041-3050, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00208", "Zhang et al., Bright quantum dots emitting at ~1,600 nm in the NIR-IIb window, PNAS 2018, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806153115" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["NIR-IIb emission can deliver very low scatter", "High brightness supports deep imaging", "Tunable emission across SWIR"], "toxicity_profile": "Lead content creates substantial toxicology, environmental, and regulatory barriers despite encapsulation strategies.", "pharmacokinetics": "Nanoparticle retention in RES organs is expected unless ultrasmall/clearable designs are proven; no human PK.", "notes": "Excellent research benchmark for what NIR-IIb can do optically; poor first-wave clinical choice because of heavy-metal risk." }, { "name": "InAs quantum dots", "synonyms": ["Indium arsenide QDs", "III-V SWIR QDs", "RoHS-oriented infrared QDs"], "type": "quantum_dot", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1100, "emission_range": "NIR-II / SWIR-tunable (1000-1700nm possible)", "quantum_yield": "Variable; shell/ligand engineering required for bright water-compatible emission", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; surface chemistry can add biomolecular targeting", "indication": ["Preclinical SWIR imaging", "Lead-free QD alternative research", "Optoelectronic / bioimaging platform"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic III-V quantum dot groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Jalali et al., Indium arsenide quantum dots: an alternative to lead-based infrared emitting nanomaterials, Chemical Society Reviews 2022, DOI: 10.1039/D2CS00490A", "Ligand-driven facet control of InAs-based quantum dots for NIR/SWIR emission, RSC 2025" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["SWIR tunability without lead", "Potentially lower regulatory burden than PbS/PbSe", "Broad engineering ecosystem from infrared optoelectronics"], "toxicity_profile": "Arsenide/indium composition still requires careful degradation, ion release, and chronic biodistribution assessment.", "pharmacokinetics": "No clinical PK; nanoparticle size and coating will dominate circulation and organ retention.", "notes": "Better strategic optics/toxicity compromise than lead QDs, but still behind organic small molecules for near-term surgery translation." }, { "name": "CuInSe2 quantum dots", "synonyms": ["CISe QDs", "Copper indium selenide QDs", "CuInSe2@ZnS NIR-II nanoprobes"], "type": "quantum_dot", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1065, "emission_range": "NIR-II (950-1700nm tunable)", "quantum_yield": "Up to ~21.8% absolute NIR-II PLQY reported for CuInSe2@ZnS nanoprobes; Mn-doped systems report even higher values in preclinical literature", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; folate and other ligand functionalization demonstrated in related systems", "indication": ["Autofluorescence-free bioassay", "Preclinical tumour imaging", "Potential dual-modality theranostics"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Fujian Institute / CAS and academic QD groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Broadband-excitable NIR-II luminescent nano-bioprobes based on CuInSe2 quantum dots, Nano Today 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100943", "Bright magnetic NIR-II CuInSe2-based quantum dot probe for dual-modality cancer imaging, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["High reported NIR-II QY", "Cadmium/lead-free positioning", "Broad excitation band supports flexible optical systems"], "toxicity_profile": "Less problematic than Pb/Cd QDs but selenium/indium nanoparticle retention and shell degradation require full tox package.", "pharmacokinetics": "Nanoparticle biodistribution with liver/spleen uptake expected; renal clearance not established for most bright formulations.", "notes": "Strong optical performance for a lower-heavy-metal QD class; still not as regulatory-simple as a small organic molecule." }, { "name": "Carbon dots NIR-II", "synonyms": ["NIR-II carbon dots", "Fe-doped carbon dots", "CDs 900-1200nm", "Aniline-extended NIR-II carbon dots"], "type": "organic", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1100, "emission_range": "NIR-II (900-1200nm typical; 1000-1700nm class)", "quantum_yield": "~0.4-1.27% reported in representative NIR-II carbon dot studies; newer molecularly engineered CDs continue to improve brightness", "targeting": "passive", "target_molecule": "None intrinsic; surface groups can be functionalized", "indication": ["Preclinical tumour imaging", "Gastric pH / microenvironment imaging", "Photothermal theranostics"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Academic carbon nanomaterial groups", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Fe-doped carbon dots as NIR-II fluorescence probe for in vivo gastric imaging, Advanced Science 2023, PMCID: PMC9982550", "Theranostic carbon dots with NIR-II emission for in vivo imaging and photothermal therapy, 2023", "Engineering NIR-II carbon dots through aniline extension, Nature Communications 2026" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Metal-free / low-cost nanocarbon platform", "Potential renal clearance for small CDs", "Can combine imaging and photothermal therapy"], "toxicity_profile": "Generally favourable acute biocompatibility reported, but batch heterogeneity, surface-state chemistry, and long-term fate remain unresolved.", "pharmacokinetics": "Some small CD reports show rapid urinary excretion; larger assemblies can show liver/spleen retention.", "notes": "Fast-moving field with improving brightness. For LumiSurg, carbon dots are an optional backup family rather than the lead clinical route." }, { "name": "SBP1-SWCNT peptide complex", "synonyms": ["SBP1", "single-walled carbon nanotube binding peptide", "SWCNT-binding peptide corona", "Peptide-wrapped SWCNT"], "type": "nanoparticle", "excitation_nm": 808, "emission_nm": 1200, "emission_range": "NIR-II (1000-1400nm typical SWCNT emission)", "quantum_yield": "Defined by SWCNT chirality and peptide wrapping; peptide corona can preserve or modulate nanotube NIR fluorescence", "targeting": "peptide", "target_molecule": "SWCNT surface; optional analyte/biomarker recognition depends on peptide sequence", "indication": ["Preclinical SWCNT dispersion", "NIR biosensing", "Peptide-corona targeting research"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "No FDA approval", "ema_status": "No EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Phage-display / peptide-nanotube academic field", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Wang et al., Peptides with selective affinity for carbon nanotubes, Nature Materials 2003;2:196-200, DOI: 10.1038/nmat833", "Heller et al., Peptide secondary structure modulates single-walled carbon nanotube fluorescence, PNAS 2011, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005512108", "Reviews of noncovalent protein and peptide functionalization of SWCNTs for biomedical sensing" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Peptide corona can add selectivity without destroying SWCNT emission", "NIR-II nanotube signal is photostable", "Useful route for biologically responsive SWIR sensors"], "toxicity_profile": "Toxicity is dominated by SWCNT biopersistence and purity; peptide coating may improve dispersion but does not eliminate chronic retention concerns.", "pharmacokinetics": "Peptide-wrapped SWCNTs typically behave as nanoparticles with slow clearance unless specifically engineered for biodegradation or excretion.", "notes": "Included under biological/protein-like agents. Best viewed as a functionalization strategy around SWCNTs, not as an independent small-molecule dye." }, { "name": "Qdot series (Thermo Fisher NIR)", "synonyms": ["Qdot 800 ITK", "Invitrogen Qdot 800", "Thermo Fisher Qdot nanocrystals", "Molecular Probes Qdot 800"], "type": "quantum_dot", "excitation_nm": 405, "emission_nm": 800, "emission_range": "NIR-I (~800nm); included as commercial NIR quantum-dot comparator rather than true 1000-1700nm agent", "quantum_yield": "Vendor-positioned as ultrabright and photostable; product literature does not provide a clinical injectable QY", "targeting": "antibody", "target_molecule": "Custom biomolecules via carboxyl, amino-PEG, or antibody conjugation", "indication": ["In vitro labeling", "Flow cytometry", "Microscopy", "Commercial QD comparator"], "regulatory_status": "preclinical", "fda_status": "Research-use reagent; no FDA approval as injectable surgical contrast", "ema_status": "Research-use reagent; no EMA marketing authorisation", "developer": "Thermo Fisher Scientific / Invitrogen Molecular Probes", "clinical_trial_ids": [], "key_publications": [ "Thermo Fisher Molecular Probes Handbook — Qdot nanocrystal technology section", "Thermo Fisher Qdot 800 ITK product documentation: ~800 nm emission, multiple surface chemistries", "NIR quantum dots in biomedical imaging and their future, iScience 2021" ], "advantages_vs_nir1": ["Extremely bright and photostable label versus many organic dyes", "Narrow emission aids multiplexing", "Commercially standardized conjugation chemistries"], "toxicity_profile": "Commercial Qdots are research reagents; cadmium/selenide-type core and nanoparticle retention make in vivo translation difficult.", "pharmacokinetics": "Not intended for human injection; animal biodistribution studies show size/coating-dependent RES uptake and prolonged retention.", "notes": "Not a NIR-II agent, but useful as a commercial NIR quantum-dot baseline and antibody-conjugation comparator." } ]